Deep Origins of World War II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Profound Origins of World War II - Research Paper Example in on September 16 1939.1 Some of the variables in support of him included elevated tides, a tremendous armada of flatboats, amazing flying corps, accessibility of vessels, and a collect full moon. The earlier day the Nazi flying corps endeavored to attack the gigantic scope. The creator asserts that numerous German soldiers had gathered at the intrusion port and their arrangement messed up after Royal Air Force found their goals rapidly and they received a supported hostile assault. A portion of the Germans were utilizing conduits while others utilized the railroad. Illustrious Air Force harmed the railroad a strategy that deferred the Germans desiring war while they disjoined the conduits as they sunk German boats at the harbor. Hitler had arranged an assault on Britain since it was the main force in Europe that remained in his European success. England has prior on declined to turn into a partner of the Germans. Robertson says that Hitler wanted to wipe out Britain after France re spected the Nazi intrusion. Hitler expected that Britain would give up and when the nation didn't he was shocked and he gives Directive Number 16.2 The activity was code named Operation Sea lion that had the goal of devastating English homeland and involve it altogether. The German military consented to overcome the Royal Air Force at that point to attack the nation. German flying corps relied upon the achievement of air fight before attacking in the nation. The head of military activities defined an arrangement to decimate the Royal Air Force in four days. Other military technique to attack Britain included finding the stream make with the goal that they could prepare the soldiers in land and/or water capable landing. They additionally intended to capture the political first class that could introduce obstruction, for example, Churchill. Viktor Survov was a previous Russian Military Intelligence that distributed the Icebreaker.3 His proposal in the book contends that the soviet powers had well association and they activated an Europe intrusion as they arranged for guarded tasks in their nation. As indicated by

Outpatient Treatment for Eating Disorders

Outpatient Treatment for Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Treatment Print How Outpatient Therapy Is Used for Eating Disorders By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 sturti / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Many people suffering from eating disordersâ€"including anorexia  nervosa, bulimia  nervosa, and binge-eating disorderâ€"can receive outpatient treatment. Others may begin their treatment journey instead in an inpatient treatment program  or in any of a number of levels in between. There are several reasons that people with eating disorders may need a higher level of care at some point in their recovery journey including medical instability, suicidality, and need for more structure and support around meals. Outpatient treatment is the most flexible level of care for eating disorders, and its the level of care offering the least disruption of your regular day-to-day life. Its also usually the most cost-effective. You can keep up with school, work, and other commitments while attending treatment appointments. What Happens in Outpatient Eating Disorder Treatment? The cornerstone of your treatment plan is usually individual counseling sessions. On an outpatient basis, your psychotherapy typically occurs at least once a week, with each appointment lasting about an hour. However, depending on your individual needs and the severity of your eating disorder, your therapist may recommend that you attend sessions more frequently. As treatment progresses and you need fewer sessions, your therapist will likely recommend spacing sessions out to every-other-week, and then to once-per-month and eventually to an as-needed basis. Many people also attend family therapy sessions as part of their eating disorder treatment. Your primary therapist may coordinate these sessions, or you may also have a separate family therapist on your treatment team. Your age (adolescent or adult), how far away your family lives, and how involved you are with your family are all factors that will help determine whether these sessions are scheduled regularly or interspersed throughout treatment. If you have a spouse or significant other, he or she may also be encouraged to take an active role in your treatment. Other Types of Therapy Group therapy or support groups are also very common for those in outpatient treatment. However, its important to talk with your primary therapist about when it would be appropriate to start a group and what group she or he would recommend  if that is something you are interested in. Group therapy can be extremely beneficial in treatment. However, it can also be overwhelming and be triggering to someone who is new to recovery. Nutrition counseling or consultation with a dietitian is typically recommended as part of outpatient treatment as well. These appointments typically last thirty minutes to an hour and may occur every week or less frequently. They encompass nutrition education, meal planning, and accountability for your meals. Many clients initially shy away from making appointments with dietitians, thinking that they will force you to eat more (or less) than you are comfortable with. However, most dietitians who specialize in working with people who have eating disorders are very patient and able to move at a pace you are comfortable with. Regular physician visits are also extremely important for anyone suffering from an eating disorder. Your physician will be able to assess if you are experiencing any medical complications from your disorder and can determine if you need a higher level of care with additional medical monitoring. Many sufferers also see a physician who specializes in mental illnesses, a psychiatrist. This is the person who will prescribe and monitor any medications to help with the symptoms you are experiencing. Who Should Get Outpatient Therapy? If you dont have any medical complications that need to be monitored, and if youre able to make progress on an outpatient basis, then outpatient therapy for eating disorders may work well for you. For instance, if youre able to follow a meal plan with only the support of your family, then outpatient treatment may be a good fit. However, if you arent able to follow a meal plan at all, or you have medical complications or also suffer from depression, a higher level of care may be more appropriate. Most people suffering from an eating disorder use outpatient treatment options at some point in their recovery. They may only be treated on an outpatient basis or they may attempt recovery on an outpatient basis only to decide later that a higher level of care is necessary. Even people who are treated at a higher level of care typically continue treatment on an outpatient basis after they complete work with the additional support of intensive outpatient, inpatient or residential treatment, so you (or your family member) likely will be treated on an outpatient basis at some point during recovery. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How Was Tyrannosaurus Rex Discovered

Easily the most famous dinosaur that ever lived, Tyrannosaurus Rex is a case study in how much we know, and how much we don’t know, about how dinosaurs behaved millions of years ago. For example, while we have a pretty good idea what T. Rex looked like, we’re still not sure whether it actively hunted its food, whether it was warm- or cold-blooded (or something in between), or even whether it could run faster than a little old lady on a three-speed bike. Tyrannosaurus Rex: The Early Years Some of the first, fragmentary fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex were discovered by the famous paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope (with Othniel. C. Marsh, one of the participants in the notorious 19th-century Bone Wars) in South Dakota in 1892. Drinker promptly named his find Manospondylus gigax, which translates roughly as â€Å"giant thin vertebra†Ã¢â‚¬â€and who knows how history might have changed if that colorless name had stuck. (In retrospect, because they were only classified years after the event, various T. Rex fragments were discovered before 1892: scattered teeth in Colorado, in 1874, and skull fragments in Wyoming around 1890.) Fortunately, a succession of more complete fossil discoveries in Wyoming shortly after the turn of the century (by Barnum Brown, the assistant curator of the American Museum of Natural History who was named after the circus impresario P.T. Barnum) spared the king of dinosaurs from being saddled with the plebeian name Manospondylus. In 1905, the patrician president of Browns museum, Henry Fairfield Osborn, officially dubbed this dinosaur Tyrannosaurus Rex, Greek for â€Å"tyrant lizard king.† The Tyrannosaur Family Grows Technically, Tyrannosaurus Rex is a species (and the only known species) of the genus Tyrannosaurus. However, paleontologists have since discovered the fossils of numerous related genera, from various parts of the world, which all fall under the general category of tyrannosaurs. Additional tyrannosaur discoveries from North America--including Gorgosaurus, Albertosaurus and Appalachiosaurus--proved different enough from T. Rex to merit being assigned to their own genera, and tyrannosaurs have since been discovered across the expanse of Eurasia, including a few extremely tiny, primitive members of the breed (such as Dilong) from China. A brief word about another genus thats often included in this list of tyrannosaurs, Nanotyrannus (literally, â€Å"tiny tyrant.†) It’s still a matter of some dispute whether this dinosaur, which was identified on the basis of a single fossilized skull discovered in the 1940’s, represents a genuinely new, pint-sized species of tyrannosaur or was simply an unfortunate T. Rex juvenile who happened to die young. Its also possible that Nanotyrannus wasnt a true tyrannosaur at all, but a modestly proportioned theropod of the raptor family. A Girl (or Boy) Tyrannosaurus Rex Named Sue The most spectacular Tyrannosaurus Rex discovery to date was made by the (then) amateur fossil hunter Sue Hendrickson, who unearthed a near-complete Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in South Dakota in 1990. Named â€Å"Sue† in Hendrickson’s honor, this individual apparently perished at the age of around 30 from a bite to the head (which counts as natural causes during the Cretaceous period), making it the oldest T. Rex yet identified. (By the way, don’t let the name fool you—it’s unknown whether Dinosaur Sue was male or female, though paleontologists now believe that female tyrannosaurs tended to be bigger than males.) Proving that no good T. Rex deed goes unpunished, Hendrickson spent the next few years after her discovery immersed in legal proceedings pertaining to Sue’s provenance and ownership--kind of like the custody battle in Kramer vs. Kramer, but with a very, very big child at stake. A court finally ruled that Sue’s bones belonged to the person who owned the piece of land where she was discovered, and in 1997 the remains were auctioned off to Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural History for $8 million, at the time a record amount of cash for a single dinosaur. So Many Tyrannosaurus Rex Questions†¦ In a way, the popularity of Tyrannosaurus Rex has been both a blessing and a curse for paleontologists. On the plus side, any scientist who makes a major discovery about T. Rex behavior or physiology is sure to land herself front-page headlines around the world. On the minus side, people don’t like it when their idols are tampered with, especially if a supposedly fearsome, unstoppable dinosaur is shown to be, well, kind of a wimp, or even (heavens forfend) covered with feathers. (There is now some indirect evidence, extrapolated from feathered tyrannosaurs like Yutyrannus, that T. Rex was feathered during at least some part of its life cycle, possibly when it was a hatchling or juvenile.) For example, nothing gets a Tyrannosaurus Rex fan’s blood boiling like the theory that T. Rex scavenged for its food rather than actively hunting it down (the evidence today points to this dinosaur indulging in both behaviors, making Rex an opportunistic predator; see Was T. Rex a Hunter or Scavenger?)), or that this dinosaur was slower than a New York City bus during rush hour, rather than the speedy menace of the Jurassic Park movies (see How Fast Could Dinosaurs Run?). No matter what the experts say, though, you can be sure that Hollywood will go on portraying Tyrannosaurus Rex the old-fashioned way--as the perpetually grumpy, hungry, fleet-footed king of the dinosaurs.

Unintended Consequences of Prohibition - 1537 Words

â€Å"The law of unintended consequences is what happens when a simple system tries to regulate a complex system. The political system is simple; it operates with limited information (rational ignorance), short time horizons, low feedback, and poor and misaligned incentives. Society in contrast is a complex, evolving, high-feedback, incentive-driven system. When a simple system tries to regulate a complex system you often get unintended consequences.† (1) Before the prohibition of alcohol existed in the United States people freely drank alcohol, mainly beer, some responsibly and some irresponsibly. The government was able to collect quite a substantial amount of tax revenue for the manufacture, transportation, sales, and consumption of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Total federal expenditures on penal institutions increased more than 1,000 percent between 1915 and 1932.† (2) Because of the excessive amount of drug related inmates prisons are also overcrowded. Th e increased cost of law enforcement to combat the smuggling and bootlegging of alcohol, and other alcohol or organized crime related shenanigans was also a tax burden. This was a double negative considering the lost tax revenue from the sales of alcohol and establishments that served alcohol due to prohibition. The court system was also constantly clogged with alcohol related crimes, which takes resources away from more serious crimes. When people can’t have something they tend to amp up the power when they are able to get it. People began drinking harder alcohol and largely gave up on beer when prohibition happened, people figure they have to get more bang for their buck or make it worth the risk. Not only did people begin drinking more powerful drinks, the drinks became more potent overall, the moonshine that bootleggers were making was much more potent than liquor had been before it was proclaimed illegal. Moonshine to this day is still the most powerful thing you can fi nd to drink. Sometimes the people making the illegal liquor didn’t know what they were doing and the substance could sometimes beShow MoreRelatedProhibition, A Film By Ken Burns1050 Words   |  5 PagesAbate Hlth 30 September 30, 2017 Prohibition, A film by Ken Burns – Part 2 Point 1 - Low consensus on an issue (or a law like Prohibition) means ‘enforcement is going to be difficult. To enforce an unpopular law – significant ‘resources need to be committed to the enforcement effort (e.g., regulation surveillance, violation arrests, court enforcement, etc.) How did this play itself out in the case of Alcohol Prohibition? It might be said regarding prohibition that much of America was in favorRead MoreIdentification And Evaluation Of Sources1315 Words   |  6 Pageswill explore the question: What were the causes that lead to Prohibition s failure in the United States? This investigation will follow the years 1893 through 1933 to analyze the reasons for Prohibition s failure as well as a shift away from Prohibition. The Prohibition era in the United States is most notably remembered for its inability to sober up the nation. According to Mark Thornton, a historian from Cato Institute, prohibition had some initial success but ultimately led to an increaseRead MoreNo Prohibitions, No Problem? Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesratification, the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed in December of 1933 when the Twenty First Amendment was ratified. In the short time Prohibition was a national law, the United States underwent a profound transformation. Most people in favor of Prohibition believed that passing the Eighteenth Amendment and laws like it would boost several flailing industries. Prohibition caused many industries to decline, showed the deep seeded corruption of government officials and law enforcement, and generated a crimeRead MoreImpact of Prohibition in The Great Gatsby1678 Words   |  7 Pageschange in America in many different areas. The changes were in the laws, the lifestyle of women es pecially and the moral values that they lived by. One of the major events that sculpted this era was prohibition. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald explores the life of crime associated with prohibition causing the enormous transformation of Jay Gatz to Jay Gatsby, and also causing a tremendous change in America. During the 1920’s many different people had problems with dinking, and it was a veryRead MoreThe Balloon Effect : A Metaphor That Compares Traditional Drug Prohibition1567 Words   |  7 Pagesa metaphor that compares traditional drug prohibition, interdiction, and eradication tactics as the equivalent of trying to squash a balloon without adequate force. Rather than succumb to the weight of the effort, the balloon will simply squash into other directions outside of the location where direct force is being applied. The fact that the drug market in the United States remains robust regardless of various domestic and international drug prohibition, interdiction, and eradication policies andRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Prohibition1048 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment became an institution that could also regulate morals. Though created with good intentions, Prohibition rather had an adverse effect and led to both economic and moral disaster. Due to governmental expansion and growth into spheres not intended in its original design, government harmed America socially and economically, and expanded the facets into which government could have power. Prohibition was enforced for economic reasons in 1917 by Woodrow Wilson as a method to save grain as America enteredRead MoreThe Inintended Consequences of Alcohol Prohibition in The Unite States in the 1920s1680 Words   |  7 Pages(114 words) What were the unintended consequences of alcohol prohibition in the United States in the 1920’s? In this investigation, the focus will be on the time frame 1920 to 1933, from when the 18th amendment was passed to when alcohol prohibition was repealed. The pros and cons of national prohibition of alcohol in the aspects of health, financial, and social results will be weighed. This will be done through the interpretation of statistics from before and after prohibition, insights of those whoRead MoreProhibition and the War on Drugs904 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumption of illicit and harmful substances, even shown in modern domestic policies. Yet with much effort, positive results was not usually yielded. Apart from the outcomes, prohibition has made a large impact on daily life. In the United States, prohibition of alcohol and opium was a visible and controversial debate. The prohibition of alcohol and criminalization of opium were very different but still had some similarities s uch as the events that happened, its immediate reaction, and the lasting significanceRead MoreProhibition : A Film By Ken Burns1771 Words   |  8 PagesRobert Abate HLTH 30 9/14/2017 Prohibition – A film by Ken Burns Point 1 - How did the film impact your own understanding? I was in a general sense aware of the Volstead Act and prohibition prior to viewing the film, its inception, the impact on society, why prohibition ultimately backfired and gave us an era of speakeasies and gangsters, and to its ultimate failure as an act that promised that â€Å"The slums will soonRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 Pagesperson can join the military and fight for their country before they turn 21, why can’t they legally drink alcohol at that age as well. Before Prohibition in the 1920’s, there was no law dictating a minimum legal drinking age, each state could decide its own drinking age, however, most states didn’t enforce a minimum drinking age at all. After Prohibition was ended by the ratification of the 21st amendment in 1933, many states set a minimum drinking age of 21, although several states did set their

The Immigrants Of The United States Of America - 1972 Words

This essay describes the obstacles undocumented immigrants in the United States of America can face such as finding a job and social isolation. As commonly found, these impediments prevent immigrants from the complete integration into the social life of the country and successful incorporation into the core American structures. The two prominent challenges discussed in this paper are federal regulations and laws and social assimilation into the community. There are many difficulties illegal immigrants must overcome before their legal acceptance into society. However, there are a few states that grant various resources and opportunities specifically to help these undocumented immigrants. In the article â€Å"Denver Hires Teachers Who Came to U.S. Illegally as Children,† Keith Coffman provides a description of the system established in The Denver Public School. It makes it possible for â€Å"immigrants who have resided illegally in the United States since they were children to teach in its classrooms under a relaxed employment policy† (Coffman). According to â€Å"The Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals† (DACA), the directive Obama’s administration issued in 2012, immigrants who arrived at the country when they were children and corresponded to particular criteria can send an application for a vacancy of a teacher position for a period of two years. Immigrants who have come to the United States illegally an d have not obtained American citizenship yet have an ability to get a job asShow MoreRelatedA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words   |  10 PagesA NATION OF IMMIGRANTS The Ways that Immigration has Shaped and Benefited the United States of America Scott Williams US History Plato Unit Activity Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... -- Emma Lazarus (from the poem The New Colossus) These words by Emma Lazarus, inscribed on a plaque on the Statue of Liberty, strike a chord of yearning for freedom in the minds of suffering yet hopeful people, and invoke a picture of the United States meeting the immigrantRead MoreAcculturation Among Immigrant Nurses In Israel And The United States Of America International Nursing Review774 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Journal Article: Ea, A et al (2010) Acculturation among immigrant nurses in Israel and the United States of America International Nursing Review, 57, 443-448 The purpose of Ea et al (2010) was to study acculturation patterns of Phillipino RN and former Soviet Union (FSU) nurses in Israel and in the USA. The ability for nurses to acculturate and adapt to their host culture, as previous research has pointed out, contributes to the nurses greater satisfaction with her job and general contentmentRead MoreImmigration Is Up Of The United States1274 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Assignment Question 1 Immigration makes up of the United States. The life of an immigrant faces many struggles. Coming to the United States is a very difficult time for immigrant, especially when English is not their first language. In Oscar Handlin’s essay, Uprooted and Trapped: The One-Way Route to Modernity and Mark Wyman’s Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, both these essays describes the life of immigrants living in America and how they are able to make a decent amount of money toRead MoreImmigrants Should Not The American Dream1305 Words   |  6 PagesAllowing immigrants to enjoy the American Dream has been a controversial topic for quite some time. Many people argue that immigrants should not be able to enjoy the American Dream simply because they are not American. Others argue that anyone should be allowed to enjoy the American Dream because everyone deserves a chance at success. Immigrants should be allowed to enjoy the American Dream because American is a free country, imm igrants can’t help what situation they were born into, and immigrants positivelyRead MoreThe Center For Human Rights And Constitutional Law1564 Words   |  7 PagesConstitutional Law Help Lead a Path for Immigrants to Become Active Citizens? Immigrants have faced many challenges when trying to become citizens of the United States. These challenges began when the Immigration Act of 1882 was passed, which gave authority to officials to deny access to the United States to anyone who was a criminal or who was uneducated (Immigration Act). This made it very hard for people coming to America to become citizens of the United States and even harder for them to become â€Å"activeRead MoreImmigration : An Influential Aspect Of American History1172 Words   |  5 Pages from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced and contributed greatly to the fabric and the story of America. They have brought with them diversity and aspects of their cultures that made America the great melting pot that it is today (Connelly 174). They h ave also brought with them economicRead MoreImmigration From Mexico Vastly Affected The United States Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration from Mexico vastly affected the United States in various ways. When immigration initiated, various concerns arose due to the threat of national security, and due to society’s fear of what type of person enters America unrestrictedly. Anti-immigrant people have whined about America’s lack of restriction on immigrants, especially with the knowledge of how much human trafficking and drug smuggling occurs down south near the border. While there are some benefits to immigration such as cheapRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And The United States Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal immigrants originate to the United States. From all around a world, individuals want to arise toward America for an improved existence for them and their families. America is a freedom-oriented country, where everybody has right how to live their life in t heir own conditions. I myself, I remain immigrant as well. I came to U.S.A. 5 years ago. American culture remains actual diverse somewhat from other cultures. In this country, we all get the liberty to live our life. The United States has permittedRead MoreBenefits And Costs Of Immigration927 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration is an issue in the United States. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of the economy. Whereas some are convinced that the United States economy benefits from both illegal and legal migration, others maintain there are costs in allowing immigration. Increased immigration would expand the American work force, and encourage more business start-ups. However, American anti-immigrant groups have long feared the possibility that immigrants drive native born workers outRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdeployment of these undocumented inhabitants of America has been a disputed issue for decades. It i s debated whether to return the illegal immigrants to their country of origin, or to let them stay in the United States. Factual evidence and statistics has proven that although the immigrants may not be authorized as citizens or inhabitants of America, they do contribute to the diversity of the country. With such a large population of foreigners, the immigrants also influence America’s economy and the workforce

Hinduism vs Buddhism Essay Example For Students

Hinduism vs Buddhism Essay Hinduism and Buddhism are two influential religions of the world. Both holding philosophical traditions and originating in India. Hinduism dating back to about 2500 B.C.E. identifies four central themes in its belief system. They include spiritual aspect, conduct of life, truth and reality and intuition. Hindus consider all of creation worthy of worship, and thus religious activity in Hinduism takes many forms( http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle. The most devoted followers of the Buddha were organized into the monastic sangha. They were identified by their shaved heads and robes made of unsewn orange cloth. Many early monks wandered from place to place, settling down only during the rainy season when traveling was difficult. The Buddhist have lasted because they have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and to a variety of cultures. Monks are expected to live a life of poverty, meditation, and study. They must avoid all sexual activity. They devote themselves to work, study, and prayer. They all dress in special robes. Monks play an important part in preserving and spreading Buddhism. KARMA The doctrine of Karma is a spiritual doctrine based on the theory of cause and effect. Although Karma does not exactly fit the definition of supernatural phenomenon it is a spiritual doctrine based on the philosophy that God is not responsible for the happiness or failure of an individual, rather, we as individuals are solely responsible for the consequences of our own behavior. The concept of Karma has two major interpretations; the most common approaches are to the idea of reincarnation, particularly in the West where the idea has almost no existence. In the East, people believe in reincarnation and hold a fatalistic idea of Karma. I favor neither westerner nor easterner extremist approaches to Karma Doctrine. I on the othe r hand favor only the basic concept of the Karma, since it has gradually inspired me to become a better person. It has motivated me to neglect the satisfaction of my enlarging ego and instead it has encouraged me to take responsibility for my actions; hoping that with this attitude, I might one day achieve peace of body and mind. The West shows almost no interest in the law of Karma. This is due to its strong links to reincarnation. Most westerners refuse to believe in the transmigration of souls. Believing that you could be a human being in one life and an animal in the succeeding life, is a basic idea of reincarnation that some of us refuse to accept. For example, the act of swatting a fly could be perceived as killing a person, perhaps your mother in a past life. I myself have a hard time believing in such occurrence. If in fact westerners show interest in reincarnation, it is only with a skeptical curiosity of knowing who they were in previous lives. In the west, no serious rese arch is done on the subject. As stated in the short story The Politics of Being Mortal, the arrogance of Western science seeking to master rather to work with nature.(Making Contact, pg. 618). Western society refuses to attempt a true understanding of the spiritual and mystical forces in the soul and in nature. The influence of Christianity in the Western Hemisphere has left us with the belief that God chooses to punish or reward your actions in life and perhaps in heaven or hell. Christianity which holds the soul works out its rewards or punishments in a single lifetime. The closest mentioning of Karma is in the biblical scripture: for whatever a man sowest, that shall he reap. (Gal. 6:7) www.sconline.com. The non-religious western believe that we are in full control of our own destiny, which we are to some extent, but that there is no greater law governing our life is not, in my opinion, entirely true. Good and bad Karma must not be regarded as a reward or punishment, but just sim ply as a consequence of your actions. The East is a devoted believer in reincarnation and consequently in the Law of Karma. In the east as well as in the west, Karma is viewed with extreme viewpoints. They believe that their status in this life is a consequence of their actions in a previous life. Drastically differing from the west, easterners humbly accept their destiny and believe it cannot be changed. Unlike westerners, fatalistic eastern people are not really curious to find out what they were in the past life. The eastern society believes that the reason for having an unhappy and miserable life is due to The Law of Karma. That is, they have no doubt that they deserve the misery they are in now because of the terrible person they once were in their preceding existence. It is within their beliefs that if they accept their punishment calmly and try to be good in this lifetime that they will be rewarded with higher status next time around. In my opinion, the acceptance of the Law of Karma on that basis is too extreme and even pathetic. The Orients extremist viewpoint of Karma is clearly reflected in their failure of democracy and social happiness. Both the western and eastern perspective on the principle of Karma is too extreme. The western society is too unconcerned in respect to reincarnation. Westerners also approach the doctrine of Karma in a cynic manner. Contradictory to western opinion, eastern society holds a fatalistic attitude and no positive outlook on life. A balance has to be reached. People think that believing in the Law of Karma is believing in reincarnation. This is not necessarily true. Karma as a spiritual law, is not adjusted according to our various and conflicting definitions of success and failure. Good Karma comes about good actions that usually bring happiness to the soul at the expense of your ego. Bad Karma usually results in happiness of ego and pain to the soul. Karma is the concept that every thought, every action that we create sets a consequence. Everything we do will produce effects, which will rebound on us for good or for ill. This is the way we experience what good and bad Karma is. Every instant we are creating Karma, we are creating our fortune right now. Good Karma is created through rendering service or good actions. You serve and you draw yourself to good energy. By giving positive energy, you set in motion a cause, the effect is love in return; that is the Law of Karma. It is basically the Law of Love. Love strengthens the individual in a way in which he can deal with his own Karma. It is not until we find the right relationship with each other, with ourselves, nature and with whole of which we are a part, we will go on making bad Karma. Learning about the Karma doctrine has brought nothing but positive effects in my life, it has slowly enhanced my desire to become more spiritual and at peace with everyone and everything around me. My belief is correct for me-you have to find the belief that is correct for you and it will not necessarily be the same as my belief. www.etext.org. Works Cited Ajayi, J.F ADE. On the politics of Being Mortal in Verdug, Carol (ed.) Making Contact: Reading from Home and Abroad. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997 Chakravarti, Siddhanta.Karma. Netscape Navigator. http://www.sconline.com. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Reincarnation. Netscape Navigator. http://www.etext.org/ KARMA The doctrine of Karma is a spiritual doctrine based on the theory of cause and effect. Although Karma does not exactly fit the definition of supernatural phenomenon it is a spiritual doctrine based on the philosophy that God is not responsible for the happiness or failure of an individual, rather, we as individuals are solely responsible for the consequences of our own behavior. The concept of Karma has two major interpretations; the most common approaches are to the idea of reincarnation, particularly in the West where the idea has almost no existence. In the East, people believe in reincarnation and hold a fatalistic idea of Karma. I favor neither westerner nor easterner extremist approaches to Karma Doctrine. I on the other hand favor only the basic concept of the Karma, since it has gradually inspired me to become a better person. It has motivated me to neglect the satisfaction of my enlarging ego and instead it has encouraged me to take responsibility for my actions; hoping that with this attitude, I might one day achieve peace of body and mind. The West shows almost no interest in the law of Karma. This is due to its strong links to reincarnation. Most westerners refuse to believe in the transmigration of souls. Believing that you could be a human being in one life and an animal in the succeeding life, is a basic idea of reincarnation that some of us refuse to accept. For example, the act of swatting a fly could be perceived as killing a person, perhaps your mother in a past life. I myself have a hard time believing in such occurrence. If in fac t westerners show interest in reincarnation, it is only with a skeptical curiosity of knowing who they were in previous lives. In the west, no serious research is done on the subject. As stated in the short story The Politics of Being Mortal, the arrogance of Western science seeking to master rather to work with nature.(Making Contact, pg. 618). Western society refuses to attempt a true understanding of the spiritual and mystical forces in the soul and in nature. The influence of Christianity in the Western Hemisphere has left us with the belief that God chooses to punish or reward your actions in life and perhaps in heaven or hell. Christianity which holds the soul works out its rewards or punishments in a single lifetime. The closest mentioning of Karma is in the biblical scripture: for whatever a man sowest, that shall he reap. (Gal. 6:7) www.sconline.com. The non-religious western believe that we are in full control of our own destiny, which we are to some extent, but that there is no greater law governing our life is not, in my opinion, entirely true. Good and bad Karma must not be regarded as a reward or punishment, but just simply as a consequence of your actions. The East is a devoted believer in reincarnation and consequently in the Law of Karma. In the east as well as in the west, Karma is viewed with extreme viewpoints. They believe that their status in this life is a consequence of their actions in a previous life. Drastically differing from the west, easterners humbly accept their destiny and believe it cannot be changed. Unlike westerners, fatalistic eastern people are not really curious to find out what they were in the past life. The eastern society believes that the reason for having an unhappy and miserable life is due to The Law of Karma. That is, they have no doubt that they deserve the misery they are in now because of the terrible person they once were in their preceding existence. It is within their beliefs that if they accept their puni shment calmly and try to be good in this lifetime that they will be rewarded with higher status next time around. In my opinion, the acceptance of the Law of Karma on that basis is too extreme and even pathetic. The Orients extremist viewpoint of Karma is clearly reflected in their failure of democracy and social happiness. Both the western and eastern perspective on the principle of Karma is too extreme. The western society is too unconcerned in respect to reincarnation. Westerners also approach the doctrine of Karma in a cynic manner. Contradictory to western opinion, eastern society holds a fatalistic attitude and no positive outlook on life. A balance has to be reached. People think that believing in the Law of Karma is believing in reincarnation. This is not necessarily true. Karma as a spiritual law, is not adjusted according to our various and conflicting definitions of success and failure. Good Karma comes about good actions that usually bring happiness to the soul at the ex pense of your ego. Bad Karma usually results in happiness of ego and pain to the soul. Karma is the concept that every thought, every action that we create sets a consequence. Everything we do will produce effects, which will rebound on us for good or for ill. This is the way we experience what good and bad Karma is. Every instant we are creating Karma, we are creating our fortune right now. Good Karma is created through rendering service or good actions. You serve and you draw yourself to good energy. By giving positive energy, you set in motion a cause, the effect is love in return; that is the Law of Karma. It is basically the Law of Love. Love strengthens the individual in a way in which he can deal with his own Karma. It is not until we find the right relationship with each other, with ourselves, nature and with whole of which we are a part, we will go on making bad Karma. Learning about the Karma doctrine has brought nothing but positive effects in my life, it has slowly enhan ced my desire to become more spiritual and at peace with everyone and everything around me. My belief is correct for me-you have to find the belief that is correct for you and it will not necessarily be the same as my belief. www.etext.org. Works Cited Ajayi, J.F ADE. On the politics of Being Mortal in Verdug, Carol (ed.) Making Contact: Reading from Home and Abroad. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997 Chakravarti, Siddhanta.Karma. Netscape Navigator. http://www.sconline.com. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Reincarnation. Netscape Navigator. http://www.etext.org/ Bibliography Berry, Thomas Mary. Buddhism. New York, Hawthorn Books. c1967 Conze, Edward. Buddhism. New York, Philosophical Library. c1951 Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism. New Hyde Park, N. Y., University Books. c1964 Corless, Roger. The Vision of Buddhism. New York: Paragon House. c1989 Davids, T. W. Rhys. The History and Literature of Buddhism. Calcutta, Susil Gupta.

Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama

Introduction One of the main reasons why Restoration comedies The Country Wife by William Wycherley and The Rover by Aphra Behn were able to attain a popularity with the members of viewing audiences at the time of their staging, is that both dramaturgical works contain themes and motifs of an unmistakably societal significance.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is, just as it is the case with Wycherley’s comedy, the one written by Behn does address the socio-cultural effects of Restoration on British society. In this paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while arguing that; whereas, The Country Wife is best discussed within the conceptual framework of a ‘subversive comedy’, The Rover fits better into the framework of a ‘social comedy’ (as defined by Can field). Main body According to Canfield: â€Å"Subversive comedy reveals fissures under the smooth surface of official ideology, even as the play end in ritual celebration of society’s centripetal power – usually a marriage† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. Canfield’s term implies that this particular type of comedy exposes deep-seated inconsistencies between the official state-ideology and the actual state of socio-cultural affair in the country. In order for us to be able to substantiate the suggestion that the earlier provided definition does apply to Wycherley’s comedy, we will have to make mentioning of what were the specifics of a socio-political situation in Britain, during the course of Restoration. Before being allowed to return to Britain and to assume British throne, Charles II was made to promise that, while acting as a king, he would refrain from trying to limit the British citizensà ¢â‚¬â„¢ newly gained civil liberties, including the right to enjoy a religious freedom. This created a somewhat paradoxical situation – whereas, the government headed by Charles II predominantly consisted of ‘old school’ aristocrats, strongly affiliated with the representatives of largely Catholic social elites in Europe, the majority of ordinary Britons were in fact Protestants, who resented the ‘immorality’ of the Charles’s court. Thus, in order to be considered a legitimate ruler, Charles II had no other option but to act on behalf of these people, while safeguarding Britain’s interests, as an essentially ‘Protestant country’ – even at the expense of imposing a certain ideological censorship on the members of his formally Catholic/Anglican but factually atheist entourage.Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is needless to mention, of course, that the court’s aristocratic sophisticates (libertines) were far from considering such state of affairs thoroughly normal. However, while being unable to openly express their lack of enthusiasm towards the prospect of having to coexist peacefully with ‘brutish commoners’, they nevertheless used to do it in a rather subtle manner – such as by favoring the plays, which were supposed to expose the officially sponsored ideology of a ‘national unity’, as having been utterly superficial (Jones, 298). Therefore, it will be fully appropriate, on our part, to refer to Wycherly’s The Country Wife as an unmistakably ‘subversive comedy’. This is because it does promote the idea that, contrary to what were the provisions of the political ideology of Restoration, there was in fact an irreconcilable existential gap between the intellectually advanced/liberated but strongly cynical representatives o f British ‘old school’ aristocracy, on the one hand, and the greed-driven/intellectually shallow but pretentiously religious Protestants (Puritans), on the other (Malcolm, 309). As Canfield noted in his book The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century Drama: â€Å"Subversive comedy tends to focus on†¦ centrifugal energy. Sometimes this energy strains the seams that hope or pretend to stitch together a superficially homogeneous ruling class out of the heterogeneous elements of a tenuous oligarchic coalition† (121). The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to a number of comedy’s scenes, which ridicule the ‘virtuous gang’ members’ tendency to remain strongly committed to leading ‘morally sound’ lifestyles, as the foremost proof of their de facto bestiality. [This is just an introductory statement – it implies that its validity will be illustrated in the paperâ€℠¢s consequential parts]. For example, while explaining his rationale to adopt the posture of a sexually impotent man, Horner states that it is specifically the targeted ‘virtuous’ women’s observable repulsion towards sexually-incapacitated males, which should serve him as the actual indication that, despite being ‘morally uptight’, they nevertheless strongly crave for an adulterous sex. Hence, the discursive significance of Horner’s suggestion that: â€Å"I can be sure, she that shows an aversion to me loves the sport (sex) as those Women that are gone, whom I warrant to be right† (The Country Wife Act 1. Scene 1. Lines 30-31). As Hynes noted: â€Å"Presumably, the women who make the greatest fuss about honor, virtue, and chastity are in fact the most lustful and therefore the most promising subjects† (175). Apparently, having been a rather wise individual, Horner was perfectly aware that one’s adherence to the moralistic dogmas of a particular religion does not make the concerned individual less of an animal, in the biological sense of this word.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implicitly promoted idea was meant to reveal the sheer hypocrisy of how overly religious ‘commoners’ used to address life-challenges, while assuming that the objective laws of nature did not have any effect on them. [This is just my personal interpretation, which is why there is no need to cite any source, in order to confirm the interpretation’s validity]. Another subject of the Wycherley comedy’s societal criticism was the fact that, despite praising the Christian values of ‘love and tolerance’, the male-representatives of the newly emerged social class of bourgeoisie nevertheless could never bring themselves t o recognize the basic humanity of women. This is because the sheer strength of these people’s commitment to generating a commercial income (according to the Protestant doctrine, one’s financial well-being is the foremost proof that he or she is in favor with God) created objective preconditions for them to refer to women in terms of a soulless commodity (Weber, 35). For example, it is not only that one the comedy’s main characters Jack Pinchwife (representing country-commoners) [The play’s context suggests that the character of Jack Pinchwife is a commoner] used to deny his wife Margery the liberty of being able to socialize with others, but he in fact was quite comfortable with the idea disfiguring her physically, as the ultimate confirmation of his ‘possession’ of this woman. There is a memorable scene in the comedy, when Jack forces Margery to write a letter to Horner, while threatening to ‘punish’ her would-be-disobedience wi th a knife: â€Å"Write as I bid you, or I will write ‘Whore’ with this knife in your Face† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 2. Line 79). By having this scene included in the comedy, Wycherly wanted to show that, despite having attained a social prominence, the representatives of London’s ‘new money’ bourgeoisie never ceased to remain ‘animals’ on the inside – not just irreconcilably alienated from the ideals of a courtly gallantry, but utterly incapable of understanding what the notion of a behavioral decency stands for. It is quite clear that the comedy’s exposure of these people’s actual ways was meant to undermine even further the integrity of the officially upheld ideology of a ‘national unity’. [This is because the comedy shows that, psychologically speaking, aristocrats and commoners differ from each other rather drastically].Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it would not be fully appropriate to discuss the subversive subtleties of The Country Wife, as being solely concerned with exposing the ‘fissures’. After all, it is not only that Wycherly succeeded in revealing the sheer pretentiousness/shallowness of the comedy’s ‘morally virtuous’ characters, such as Jack Pinchwife and Lady Fidget, but he also showed the actual roots of their hypocritical attitudes. Hence, another important aspect of the comedy’s ‘subversiveness’, as such that subtly promoted the idea that, regardless of the amount of the received education, natural-born commoners are simply incapable of matching the aristocrats’ cognitive-perceptual sophistication. As Knapp pointed out: â€Å"The gallants in The Country Wife place a high priority on witty conversation and object to the witless Sparkish’s interference with it† (454). The full soundness of this statement can be well explored in regards to the comedy’s scenes, in which Horner mocks Mr. Sparkish’s outright stupidity – despite the fact that the latter continues to remain fully convinced that he is indeed a sophisticate individual: â€Å"No gad, he’ll never let her (Margery) come amongst us good fellows. Your stingy country Coxcomb keeps his wife from his friends as he does his little Firkin of Ale for his own drinking. Ha, ha, ha, gad, I am witty† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 3. Lines 184-187). In this respect, Wycherley’s message is clear – one’s consciously adopted posture in life has very little to do with what the concerned individual really is, in the de facto sense of this word. This message’s discursive implications are also quite apparent – people’s strive to gain a social prominence cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’, as it is only the inheritably noble (and therefore, intelligent) individuals , who are being naturally ‘preordained’ to exercise a political authority within the society. Thus, by mocking ‘piggish commoners’, Wycherley’s comedy in fact undermined the Restoration’s conceptual legitimacy, as such that occurred due to the involved parties’ willingness to reconcile – even though that they never truly believed in the reconciliation’s long-lastingness. Discussion Whereas, Wycherley’s comedy clearly aimed to undermine the discursive provisions of Restoration [that is, this comedy aimed to expose the earlier mentioned ‘fissures’], as the event that contrary to its formal significance, legitimized the British bourgeoisie’s continual dominance in the country’s public life, Aphra Behn’s The Rover had the opposite agenda – convincing viewers that, despite their rather flamboyant lifestyles, British exiled nobles were in fact the nation’s integral part. Thi s, was meant to provide citizens with yet another reason to think of the Restoration, as having been fully justified. Therefore, The Rover can be well discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’, because it does adhere to the Canfield’s definition of this particular dramaturgical sub-genre: â€Å"Social comedy socializes threats against hegemonic culture†¦ Good nature and generosity replace wit and energy as the supreme values†¦ – even as bourgeois morality becomes an ethic of sentiment, of benevolence, providing the rationale for patronizing the less fortunate, less civilized† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. After all, the themes and motifs [concerned with advancing the cause of Restoration], contained in this particular comedy, do serve the purpose of convincing viewers that there was indeed a very little rationale for them to think of formerly exiled loyalists (‘banish’t Cav aliers’), as having been psychologically alienated from the rest of British ‘common’ citizens. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the following citation]. In this respect, one hardly disagree with Beach: â€Å"The fact that the play was embraced by the court suggests that The Rover expresses a pro-Stuart ideology, yet its position was moderate and ï ¬â€šexible enough to allow its survival beyond its historical moment† (2). The legitimacy of the earlier suggestion can be shown in relation to the following ideological aspects of Behn’s comedy: First, The Rover promotes the idea that, contrary to what contemporaries used to think of exiled gallants, there was nothing ‘effeminate’ about these people’s postures in life (Beach 7). The character of Willmore is especially illustrative, in this respect. It is not only that he never tries to avoid fighting with the numerically superior Spanish, but also he always ends up c hasing them away in the end, while usually commenting their ‘retreats’ in a rather sarcastic manner: â€Å"A plague upon your Dons, if they fight no better they’ll ne’er recover Flanders.- What the Devil was’t to them that I took down the Picture?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 201-203). As it can be well seen from the above-quotation, it was a customary practice for Willmore to refer to his Spanish competitors with utter disrespect, due to their cowardly attitudes. There is even more to it – the second part of Willmore’s remark implies that, as compared with the British, the Spanish are differently ‘brain-wired’. Whereas, the Spanish are ‘emotion-driven’, the British are ‘rationale-driven’ – hence, the key to the existential superiority of the latter. Apparently, Behn was trying to advance the idea that there was nothing accidental about the fact that, regardless of what happened to be the actual form of the British government (monarchy or republic) in the past, Britons never had a problem, while subduing their Spanish counterparts. It is needless to mention, of course, that there is a strongly defined nationalist sentiment to it, which in turn implies that, while working on The Rover, Behn wanted to prompt viewers to think that it is not their class-status that matters, but rather their national affiliation. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the earlier provided line of argumentation]. Second, The Rover promotes the idea that, even though the exiled British ‘cavaliers’ did not have any other option but socialize with Catholics, there was nothing ‘treacherous’ about it, as the gallants in question never ceased recognizing the apparent fallacies of Catholicism. For example, after having listened to Hellena’s plans of becoming a nun, Willmore exclaims â€Å"A Nun! Oh how I love thee for’t! thereâ€℠¢s no Sinner like a young Saint† (The Rover Act 1. Scene 2. Lines 70-71). Obviously enough, this Willmore’s remark was meant to expose him as a rationally minded individual, highly skeptical of the Catholics’ tendency to follow the dogmas of their religion, regardless of how nonsensical the latter might have been. This, of course, was intended to provide the audience members with a yet additional reason to believe that, despite the Restoration’s formally ‘reactionary’ nature [monarchy is the discursively outdated form of government], there was nothing truly reactionary about it, as it is one’s endowment with the sense of ‘Englishness’ which reflects upon his or her social value, and not the concerned person’s religion (Beach 8). Hence, yet another justification for our earlier suggestion that The Rover does in fact belong to the sub-genre of a ‘social comedy’ – this play subtly argues that it is s pecifically the governmental officials’ ability to maintain the society’s structural integrity, which should be considered the main indication of their professional adequacy. Third, Behn’s comedy shows that the Britain’s eventual transformation from being ruled by ‘nobles’ to being ruled by ‘merchants’ was bound to occur – regardless of the aristocrats’ attitude towards it. This [‘What?’ what?] is the true significance of the motif of prostitution, explored throughout the comedy’s entirety. There is another memorable scene in The Rover, where Angelica tries to enlighten Willmore, as to the fact that there is nothing fundamentally different between women ‘renting’ their bodies to make a commercial profit, on the one hand, and men marrying women ‘in good faith’ for essentially the same purpose, on the other: â€Å"Pray, tell me, Sir, are not you guilty of the same mercena ry Crime? When a Lady is proposed to you for a Wife, you never ask, how fair, discreet, or virtuous she is; but what’s her Fortune – which if but small, you cry – She will not do my business – and basely leave her†¦?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 105-109). There is a strongly defined discursive overtone to this Angelica’s remark (with which Willmore agrees) – Behn wanted to advance the idea that, since the relations between men and women can be well conceptualized in terms of commercial transactions, there is nothing wrong about the process of the 17th century’s British society becoming ever more ‘commercialized’. After all, men and women comprise just about any human society. [This is the common sense knowledge]. As Szilagyi noted: â€Å"Angelica’s prostitution†¦ is, in principle, foundational for all the socio-political contracts between individuals in public life† (449). In other words , by prompting readers to adopt an intellectually flexible attitude towards the notion of prostitution, in general, Behn was simultaneously trying to enlighten them on the discursive connotations of socio-economic dynamics within the British society, in particular – hence, patronizing them to an extent. [The validity of this statement is confirmed by the above-quotation and by what are the interpretative implications of the earlier deployed line of an argumentative reasoning]. By doing it, she undoubtedly contributed towards the process of British formally monarchist government striving to set the country on the path of cultural and technological progress. This, of course, once again confirms the validity of the earlier suggestion that The Rover may indeed be discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’. [The reason for this is apparent – as opposed to what it happened to be the case with ‘subversive comedies’, The Rover does not strive to expose t he ‘centrifugal energy’ within the society, but rather to conceal it. This is also the example of an interpretative statement, so I do not quite understand why I am being required to provide any reference-sources]. Conclusion I believe that the deployed line of argumentation, in regards to what should be considered the extent of each of the analyzed plays’ consistency with Canfield’s definitions of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ Restoration comedies, fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. [There are no Canfield’s ‘terms’ per se, but only his highly subjective (pretentiously sophisticate but rather unintelligible, I may add) visions, as to what the concepts of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ comedy stand for. Therefore, I am not in a position to provide universally applicable explanations to these ‘terms’ (I will be asked for ‘sources’ again), since the very essence of the discussed subject matter denies such a possibility. We do not talk nuclear physics here; there are no scientific formulas involved. The points made earlier, do expose the discursive difference between both comedies. If these points are not clear to you, I will be able to highlight them for your convenience]. Works Cited Beach, Adam. â€Å"Carnival Politics, Generous Satire, and Nationalist Spectacle in Behn’s The Rover.† Eighteenth-Century Life 28.3 (2004): 1-19.Print. Behn, Aphra 1677, The Rover. PDF file. 31 Mar. 2013. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/719/rover.pdf?sequence=1 Canfield, Douglas. The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early  Eighteenth Century Drama. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001. Print. Canfield, Douglas. Tricksters and Estates: On the Ideology of Restoration  Comedy. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997. Print. Hynes, Peter. â€Å"Against Theory? Knowledge and Action in Wyche rley’s Plays.†Ã‚  Modern Philology 94.2 (1996): 163-189. Print. Jones, James. â€Å"Liberty secured? Britain Before After 1688.† Canadian  Journal of History 28. 2 (1993): 295-305. Print. Knapp, Peggy. â€Å"The ‘Plyant’ Discourse of Wycherley’s ‘The Country Wife’.†Ã‚  Studies in English Literature 40.3 (2000): 451-472. Print. Malcolm, Joyce. â€Å"Charles II and the Reconstruction of Royal Power.† The  Historical Journal 35.2 (1992): 307-330. Print. Szilagyi, Stephen. â€Å"The Sexual Politics of Behn’s Rover: After Patriarchy.†Ã‚  Studies in Philology 95.4 (1998): 435-455. Print. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge, London, 2001. Print. Wycherly, William 1675, The Country Wife. PDF file. Web. This term paper on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.